Our source order
Not every source carries the same weight.
For what the rule is
01
Law and regulation
Statutes, the Code of Federal Regulations, state administrative rules.
02
Agency guidance
Medicare manuals and booklets, Medicaid policy bulletins, licensing guidance and forms.
03
Payer requirements
Published provider manuals, bulletins, billing policies, and program documents.
For what the evidence shows
04
Research evidence
Peer-reviewed trials and systematic reviews, with implementation resources that synthesize them.
Source weight depends on the question. A payer manual can establish a payer requirement; it cannot establish whether a treatment works. A randomized trial can establish evidence about outcomes; it cannot establish a billing rule.
When the available sources disagree, are incomplete, or do not answer the question, the Center says so.
Everything published here rests on documents anyone can open. Where the Center holds only a private communication, the claim does not appear.
What checked means
Checked means the Center opened the cited source, confirmed that it remained publicly available, and reviewed the proposition for which it is cited. A checked date is not agency or payer endorsement of the Center’s interpretation.
Section 01
Collaborative Care and behavioral health integration
Authoritative guidance
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Behavioral Health Integration Services, MLN909432
Establishes
The Collaborative Care team structure, the service elements, the monthly time thresholds, the billing codes 99492, 99493, 99494, G2214 and 99484, and the general-supervision framework for the model.
Used in
The argument · CoCM Startup Brief · BHCM Pivot Playbook · Credentialing Cheat-Sheet
Last checked August 2026
Implementation guidance
AIMS Center, University of Washington
Evidence Base for Collaborative Care, with caseload guidance for care managers
Establishes
The AIMS Center’s synthesis of the trial evidence, the role definitions used in practice, and its published caseload guidance. AIMS summarizes and implements the evidence; the trials in section 07 establish it.
Section 02
Medicare enrollment and payment
Primary source
United States Congress
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
Establishes
That counselors and marriage and family therapists became eligible to enroll in Medicare as of January 1, 2024.
Authoritative guidance
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Medicare provider enrollment guidance and PECOS
Establishes
The federal enrollment system, the application pathways, and the records a clinician establishes when enrolling.
Used in
Medicare Enrollment Cheat-Sheet · Credentialing Cheat-Sheet · the Medicare study
Last checked August 2026
Authoritative guidance
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Participation, assignment, and the participating agreement
Establishes
What the participating and non-participating elections mean, and how assignment affects the payment rules that follow. Cited to the agency’s public enrollment pages rather than a single document.
Used in
Medicare Enrollment Cheat-Sheet · the Medicare study
Last checked August 2026
Authoritative guidance
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Physician Fee Schedule and the payment lookup
Establishes
What a given code pays by Medicare locality, and the tool for looking up a current rate rather than relying on a national average.
Used in
The argument · Medicare Enrollment Cheat-Sheet · the Medicare study
Last checked August 2026
Section 03
Incident-to services and supervision
Primary source
Code of Federal Regulations
42 CFR 410.26, services incident to a physician’s service
Establishes
The conditions under which a service furnished by auxiliary personnel may be billed incident to a physician’s professional service, including the supervision requirement.
Used in
The argument · Medicare Enrollment Cheat-Sheet · the Medicare study
Last checked August 2026
Section 04
Michigan licensure and supervision
Primary source
Michigan Public Health Code
Article 15, part 181, professional counselors
Establishes
The statutory basis for counselor licensure in Michigan, including the limited license, the supervised-experience requirement stated in years, and the delegation of detailed requirements to administrative rules.
Primary source
Michigan administrative rules
R 338.1774, licensure by examination: the supervised-experience requirement
Establishes
Full licensure for master’s-level counselors requires not less than 3,000 hours of post-degree counseling experience over not less than 2 years, including not less than 100 hours of regularly scheduled supervision. The rule does not state whether qualifying care-management work counts toward that experience.
Used in
The supervision study · the trainee study
Last checked August 2026
Primary source
Michigan administrative rules
R 338.1781, requirements to provide counseling supervision
Establishes
The four routes by which an LPC may qualify to provide counseling supervision, set by when supervision began: on or before January 1, 2013; after that date and before May 5, 2022; or on or after May 5, 2022, each with its training and post-master’s practice requirements, plus a route for holders of the Approved Clinical Supervisor credential.
Used in
Supervisor Eligibility Checker · the supervision study
Last checked August 2026
Authoritative guidance
Michigan Bureau of Professional Licensing
Supervising LPC Qualifications form, July 2023 edition
Establishes
How the Bureau presents the four supervisor-qualification routes for attestation, including the January 1, 2013 and May 5, 2022 boundaries and the Approved Clinical Supervisor route.
Authoritative guidance
Michigan Bureau of Professional Licensing
Counseling licensure guidance and forms
Establishes
The application pathway, the documentation the state accepts, and the published guidance for supervisors and limited-license holders.
Used in
Supervisor Eligibility Checker · Career Path Guide
Last checked August 2026
Section 05
Michigan Medicaid
Authoritative guidance
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
Medical Services Administration bulletin MSA 21-19
Establishes
Michigan Medicaid’s coverage policy for the behavioral health integration and Collaborative Care codes, as issued. Bulletins are filed by number in the department’s policy index linked here.
Authoritative guidance
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
Medicaid Provider Manual, behavioral health sections
Establishes
The current operative policy language, which supersedes an individual bulletin where the two differ.
Authoritative guidance
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
CHAMPS provider enrollment
Establishes
The state enrollment system and the records a practice and its clinicians must hold to bill Michigan Medicaid.
Section 06
Michigan commercial payers
Payer document
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan
“Review these important Collaborative Care billing tips,” The Record, May 2022
Establishes
The payer’s published billing guidance for the Collaborative Care codes it recognizes, including 99492, 99493, 99494, G2214 and G0512, billed once per member per calendar month by minutes of care. It does not establish what any one practice or staffing arrangement must do.
Used in
The argument · BHCM Pivot Playbook · CoCM Startup Brief · Credentialing Cheat-Sheet
Last checked August 2026
Payer document
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan
Physician Group Incentive Program, program basics document
Establishes
That PGIP participation runs through a physician organization rather than an individual practice, and that program participation is a separate question from code recognition.
Used in
BHCM Pivot Playbook · CoCM Startup Brief · Credentialing Cheat-Sheet · the integration study
Last checked August 2026
Payer document
Priority Health
“Care Management Services,” Billing Policy No. 004
Establishes
The payer’s published billing policy for the care-management code family, including 99492, 99493 and 99494, and the provider requirements it states. Current fee amounts sit behind the provider portal, so the Cheat-Sheet says to verify rates with the payer.
Section 07
Research and field evidence
Research evidence
Unützer and colleagues, JAMA, 2002
The IMPACT trial: collaborative care management of late-life depression
Establishes
The foundational multicenter randomized trial: collaborative care management substantially improved depression outcomes in older adults compared with usual primary care.
Research evidence
Archer and colleagues, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012
Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems, CD006525
Establishes
The systematic review of 79 randomized trials with 24,308 participants: collaborative care improves depression and anxiety outcomes compared with usual care.
Research evidence
Michigan Mental Health Counselors Association
Member survey, 2026
Establishes
What responding Michigan practices reported about hiring decisions during a period of reimbursement change. The findings describe respondents, not all Michigan practices.
Research evidence
Center for Integrative Neuroscience
Behavioral Health Workforce Observatory
Establishes
License-record counts across eighteen states, including the supervised tier. The Observatory counts licenses; it does not measure practice experience, which is what the six studies ask.
About currency
This library records the sources the Center has used and the date each was last checked. It is not a regulatory monitoring service. If a link here has gone stale, tell us and we will fix it and say that we did.
For individualized monitoring of changes affecting a particular practice, Kedge is a separate platform.